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Francis Ngu
16th August 2010, 09:34 PM
A PRELIMINARY OUTLINE OF UNMET HEALTH CARE NEEDS IN SARAWAK
Dr. Francis H.H. Ngu, Kuching.

Health Services and Welfare Bureau,
Parti Keadilan Rakyat in Sarawak

Media release on 12th August, 2010

Preamble: “Health Care for All by the Year 2000”, WHO.

An overview of the unmet health care needs of Sarawak was presented by our party in 2008. Since then there has generally been no substantive response from State and Federal governments, while the need for new facilities and pressures on existing services continue to grow. The umet needs are now reviewed and updated, given more justifiable demands which have arisen from statements by community and political representatives from both sides in and out State and Federal legislature.

We hope the government is now moving away from the political window-dressing of 1Malaysia Clinics, to more serious consideration of macro-reforms to improve a health care system under stress and growing intolerable unmet needs of the population.

Firstly we wish to put it to the citizens of this State and Nation that no expedient political slogan like 1Malaysia (or what about better Reformasi or Ketuanan Rakyat Clinics in future !) should be latched on to any Government Health Care facility and service.

The provision of health care by government must be guided by professionalism and not give an impression of over-arching political partisan influences.

Our current review will be in 3 parts:
1. Primary Care/ Outpatient Services
2. Hospital Inpatient Services.
3. Primary Care in small remote communities: Flying Doctor Service, etc.

Issues arising will be discussed in later media releases.

Caveat:

This assessment is partial and incomplete, being mostly focused on urban centres. Many rural clinics do not have population concentrations, thus only attracting regular or irregular visits by Medical Officers from Hospitals instead of having resident medical officers. The health care and other basic infrastructure in rural areas should surely command the serious attention of any government.

PT 1. PRIMARY CARE / GENERAL OUTPATIENT SERVICES

THE LIST OF NEW FACILITIES NEEDED :

Greater Kuching

1. 3 or more new polyclinics, each for:
PetraJaya/Matang/Samariang/Santubong/Bako
Batu Kawa/Moyan
Padawan

2. Siburan/Kuching Serian Road


Sibu Up to 4 polyclinics, and improvement to Bintangor

Miri 1 more polyclinic to serve the southern side
Maternal and Child Health Clinics (2), Central and Southern Miri.

(There may be need for more MCH clinics other than for Miri, but these have not been assessed by us.)

The party will update the above list as further information comes to hand and assessment made.


SCORE Regions : Government and private sector should be expected to jointly make proactive planning for the industrial and community primary care needs in view of the faster than previously expected population growth rates in these regions.

The time it takes from budget submissions for Development under Malaysia Plans to budget approval, implementation, project completion and commissioning for service may be more than 5 years. It is common knowledge that a “miss out” in 1 Malaysia Plan, means another wait for 5 years for the next Malaysia Plan, unless an interim bid is made in Mid-Term Plan Reviews.

Discussion

Greater Kuching :

This comprises the cities of Kuching South, Kuching north and the municipality of Padawan. The population is generally quoted at some 600,000-700,000. If the hinterland catchment of adjoining districts are latched in, the service population is about 1 million.

The needs are glaring and have been canvassed by us in and out of Dewan Undangan Negeri. It is a fact that at Polyclinic Mosque Road, up to 12 or more persons are crowded into consultation rooms. This not only gives rise to problems of patient confidentiality, and medical staff inhibition from carrying out proper patient assessment, but may be a communicable disease hazard !

We note with encouragement an appreciation that a large clinic, possibly a polyclinc, is under construction at MJC township at Batu Kawa, although there is little official information.

While we should immediately approve and build a Polyclinic “across-river” in Kuching City North, the explosive growth of population “across-river” may need 2 polyclinics 5-10 years later. The provision of a Matang 1Malaysia Clinic not manned by a Medical Officer is an insult and mockery to the intelligence of the people.

There is now a community demand for Polyclinic and General Hospital for Siburan/Bengoh/Mambong. The residential and commercial growth and sizable hinterland population certainly indicates true community need for a Polyclinic.


Sibu:

A government senior minister recently stated that Sibu needs 4 more polyclinics to supplement 2 existing polyclinics. Certainly 1 or 2 new ones should be approved immediately, and the workload of all clinics be reassessed. We commend the Minister concerned to be wise enough not to bid for more of the band-aid 1Malaysia Clinics.

There is also demand for upgraded health clinic services at Bintangor, and we have received negative feedbacks from Julau and Pakan on certain aspects of service facility/provision.


Miri:

This is covered in our media release to the Chinese press in Miri on 30th July and to the English media in Kuching on 2nd of August. The incumbent ADUN (Pujut)(legislator) had earlier highlighted the unmet OPD/MCH needs of Miri.

The general town/city planning principle should be the provision of various services including primary health care at all areas of population concentrations and future growth. Bringing services closer to the residents and reducing waiting times improve social and economic efficiency, with dispersal of some traffic to outlying areas, thus reducing family and community stress.


Widening the scope of Primary Care

In providing more standard polyclinics, it means providing more of the same. Some areas of improvenment and additional services are desired and should be incorporated in future OPD/primary care planning projects :

1. Developing the specialities of Primary Care Physicians and Emergency Response personnel;
2. Meeting the needs of mental health in primary care; the prevalence of mental problems in the Malaysian population is quoted as 10% or more;
3. Health promotion, lifestyle counseling;
4. Multi-disciplinary teams, including dieticians, physiotherapists, social workers, etc;
5. Day surgery; renal dialysis;
6. Rehabilitation and counseling;
7. Home visiting
8. Examining IT needs and potential IT contribution to primary care.
9. Quarantined waiting areas during communicable disease outbreaks.

On the MCH side, the excellent record in child health, ante-natal care and family planning, should be augmented by, among others,

1. Adolescent health service, including adolescent mental health;
2. Counselling on pregnancy, AIDS and other STDs, lifestyle.


Impending Health Care Reform

We are keenly watching the Health Care Financing Reform outlined recently by the Minister of Health, though details are still under wraps. The unmet needs in Sarawak alone requires a substantial increase of Health Care Budget, not a reduction as we are currently experiencing.

If the proposed reforms get underway, outpatient services will be handed out to private practitioners, funded by a National Health Fund providing full or partial payment for patients. Intense negotiations between stakeholders are said to be underway.

In the interim, primary care /OPD service development will apparently be in a limbo for a year or more. Apparently, few if any polyclinics will be built, subject to the adoption of public-private cooperation model in primary care under the proposed reform.

We contend that even under the proposed reforms, there is still a duty of government to build primary care polyclinics, which later on can be leased out to individual private practitioners and private practitioner groups in a transparent manner.

Consideration should be given to expanding the scope and depth of primary care at large population centres. An expanded scope of OPD/ambulatory/home service is an important option to take the load off large hospitals, and the increasing pressure on expensive hospital beds. The experiment in “Super Clinics” in Australia should be keenly watched for strengths and drawbacks.

The medical co-contribution proposals under the suggested reform will be triggering a robust public debate in the near and medium term. The public should be fully engaged in the debate.

Better Health Care for All

Due next:

PT.2 :The Unmet Hospital/Inpatient needs of Sarawak.
PT. 3 ; Remote rural communities/ Flying Doctor Service review.

Francis Ngu
25th August 2010, 08:29 PM
UNMET HEALTH CARE NEEDS, SARAWAK, 2010

PARTI KEADILAN RAKYAT : ACT NOW ON MEDICAL SERVICES IN SARAWAK ----HOSPITALS !





SUMMARY: In a second part discussion paper, Parti KeAdilan Rakyat in Sarawak has demanded that several new hospital projects be approved for Greater Kuching and Bandar Sri Aman under the 10th Malaysia Plan, and to be carried over into the 11th Malaysia Plan. Further Sibu GH and Miri GH should be upgraded to Central Region and Northern Region, Regional Hospitals on par with Sarawak General Hospital. Several other Divisional and District Hospitals should provided the minimal resident Specialist services within 3-5 years.

A total developmental allocation of RM 1.5 billion is sought, and increased annual operating expenditure of new and upgraded hospitals will have to be budgeted accordingly. This estimate is in addition to development and operational funds needed for new and better polyclinics proposed in the first part of the discussion paper released recently.


PART 2: HOSPITAL /INPATIENT SERVICES

Dr. Francis H.H. Ngu, Kuching.

Health Services and Welfare Bureau,
Parti Keadilan Rakyat in Sarawak

For media release.

25th August, 2010

New hospital projects and upgrade of services of existing divisional and district hospitals have been successively canvassed by Parti KeAdilan Rakyat in Sarawak since 2006, both inside and outside Dewan Undangan Negeri. We have even appealed for fast-tracked budgetary approval, but other than the ON-OFF promise for PetraJaya GH, there has been no meaningful and substantive response from State and Federal Governments.

A. New general hospital projects needed:

Greater Kuching:

PetraJaya-Bako-Santubong : 400 beds
Batu Kawa-Moyan : 250 beds
Padawan- Siburan : 350 beds
“SIMC” Samarahan : increase from 200 to 350 beds is sought.

Sri Aman Division
Sri Aman 300 beds, option to increase to 400.


B. Up-grade of Sibu and Miri General Hospital
Upgrade to function as Regional Referral Hospitals providing tertiary services.

C. Divisional and District Hospitals upgrade
Upgrade to provide bare minimal Specialist services:
Sri Aman, Sarikei, Kapit, Mukah, Limbang
Serian, Marudi.

D. Promised Lawas Hospital extension, repeatedly delayed.
Promised SGH car park, deferred.

FUNDING NEEDED:

Costing: 4 New Specialist GH: RM 250-350 million each
Doubling the beds at “SIMC” RM 100-120 million
Upgrade of Sibu and Miri GH: RM 50-60 million each
Upgrade of Divisional and District Hospitals: RM 10-30 million each
Promised but delayed upgrade of Lawas Hospital RM 120 million

Total funding needed: Appox. RM 1.5 billion, spread over the project period of 10th and 11th Malaysia Plans.

(Prices barring further exceptional inflationary hikes; the cost could rise 20-30 % when universal minimal wage is adopted, GST kicks in and subsidies eliminated totally, in addition to foreign inflationary impact.)

The annual operational funding requirements for all hospitals in Sarawak following the commissioning of the new facilities and services would likely increase by 2-3 times from 2015-2020. For large hospitals, the operational cost would have outstripped capital cost in 3-4 years.

Our statement in April 2008 needs to be repeated: “The under-provision versus service needs in Kuching and other towns will get worse if no aggressive proactive planning is undertaken immediately. Apart from the rapid urban population growth which is underpinned by rural-urban migration, the slowly but steadily aging population adds to the service needs. Increasing morbidity from “lifestyle diseases”, cancer, road traffic accidents, geriatric states and mental states will stress both acute and chronic care services. The demographic and morbidity patterns as well as city development patterns have not been sufficiently attended to in public medical services planning and development.”

Sarawak covers an area larger than Peninsular Malaysia, but the single trunk road from Kuching to Miri is not up to the standard of an express highway. Some districts in the central and northern regions are each equivalent in size to several smaller states of peninsular Malaysia put together. This impedes even physical access to general hospitals, especially timely access in times of acute illnesses.

Physical access of rural remote communities by land and river transport to Sibu, Miri and Bintulu general hospitals are difficult enough, what more access to Sarawak GH in Kuching at the southern end of Sarawak. Multiple referral steps are the rule to get to the larger general hospitals.

The national doctor: population target is 1: 500, but in Sarawak it is 1: 1000+, this even a camouflage of the urban-rural disparity. The ratio is expected to greatly improve in 3-5 years, given the large numbers of medical graduates joining the service.


A. The Sarawak General Hospital is the sole regional referral hospital in Sarawak providing tertiary level care. The secondary regional needs of the South West , Central and Northern Regions of Sarawak are served by SGH, Sibu GH and Miri GH, all with large hinterland catchments respectively.

SARAWAK GENERAL HOSPITAL providing 800 beds is the State Hospital, also serving as the teaching hospital. Its congestion in recent years is evident in the wards, the Accidents and Emergency Department, the Specialist Out-patient Clinics, the hospital lobby, the Pharmacy, the service roads, the car parks, the public lifts, etc. Built in the late 1960s, it has undergone 2-3 major upgrades, with added services, clinic and ward blocks and an increase in beds from about 600 to 800.

(A multi-storey SGH car park costing RM 20 million put up under the 9th Plan was deferred to the 10th MPlan, due to urgent priorities at Kota Kinabalu).

While patients needing tertiary level care are sent in from the General Hospitals of Sibu, Miri and Bintulu, and also directly from some District Hospitals of Sarawak, some local Kuching patients are decanted off to the Sentosa Mental Hospital 6 miles away and the Rajah Charles Brooke Hospital, a disused leprosarium some 12 miles away. There were even occasional patients sent off to Serian District Hospital. These “decompression” maneuvers have expectedly impacted on operational cost and given considerable logistical pressure for the hospital administration, not to mention the hardship on patients and relatives.

The immediate primary and secondary catchment consists of the South West Region of Sarawak, namely the Kuching, Samarahan, Sri Aman and Betong Divisions.

The conversion of the failed Sarawak International Medical Centre at Kota Samarahan to a government tertiary specialist and general hospital will add another 200 beds to Greater Kuching. It is expected to open in 2011, with emphasis on providing cardiology and cancer care.

The site has ample land space for future new services and wards blocks much needed. The fastest way to add beds to Kuching would indeed be to build additional ward blocks, increasing its bed strength to 300-350 beds. These additional blocks would be for standard general wards like maternity and paediatrics, surgery and orthopaedics, general medical etc. They may become operational 5-6 years after budget approval. (Technically, it may interest protagonists in the debate about cost per bed at SIMC, that doubling the bed strength would very substantially reduce the cost per bed to well below RM 2 million per bed, although RM 100 million or more new capital may need to be pumped in.)

The need for 3 other new general hospitals in Greater Kuching within the next 10-15 years run parallel to the need for primary care facilities outlined in Part 1.

The gestation period of hospitals is very long. A new general hospital project, if approved under the 10th Malaysia Plan (2011-2015), will only see its commissioning for public service in 2020, if not even later.

B. The 200 bedded Sri Aman Hospital built in the 1950s, is out-dated and cramped, even inadequate and unsatisfactory in the 1980s. Ambulances run several sorties to SGH in Kuching daily, on the bumpy 200 Km Sri Aman-Serian-Kuching Road. Ambulance runs are costly and personnel intensive (min.1 driver 1 medical staff to 1 patient), and the rough ride of 200Km endangering the critically ill patient.

In a recent communicable disease out-break, it has the notorious reputation of suspected victims being placed under a tent under a tree in the car park !

The hospital has a catchment population of about 200,000. Basic resident specialist services, perhaps 6-8 clinical disciplines are needed. However, the old ward blocks at a cramped site is not suitable for renovations to house modern specialist departments and service blocks, like A&E, ICU , operating suites, maternity suite and nursery, imaging department, physiotherapy department, etc.

C. Sibu General Hospital has a large catchment consisting of virtually the whole Rajang River (350Km) basin, the Rajang-Igan Delta and Coastal Mukah Division. Much of the SCORE activity is in the catchment.

D. Miri General Hospital[/B] has a similarly large catchment consisting of the Baram region and the Limbang Divisions. Much of the oil and gas activities fall within the catchment of Miri and Bintulu General Hospitals.

Basic specialist services are provided at Miri and Sibu Hospitals. Due to the size of the catchment population of between 500,000 to 1 million, the burden of disease figures, the inconvenience and increasing cost of air transport to go to Kuching for patients and escorts, they should be upgraded to Regional Hospitals providing comprehensive basic specialist services and tertiary care in more clinical disciplines. The growing population in the primary and secondary catchment areas means that new tertiary care services will have the economies of scale.

The tertiary services proposed should initially include cardiology, cancer and radiotherapy, nephrology and urology, psychological medicine, burns, neurology, gastroenterology, etc. Thus some of the medical technology now made available in Kuching should be similarly made available to residents of the Central and Northern Regions of Sarawak.

The gestation period for upgrading to tertiary and sub-specialiaty services would be about 5 years for them to be brought into service.

D. Bintulu GH to an extent serves the regional needs of Kemana, Tatau, Bakun. It should have the basic 8 or 9 clinical disciplines. A CAT scan privately donated is not being timely used due to absence of a specialist radiologist.


District and Divisional Hospital Upgrades

It must be noted that some District Hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia had a few minimal
resident Specialists even in the early to mid 1970s, certainly in such places as Banting, Batu Pahat and Kluang.

District and Divisional Hospitals in Sarawak are generally staffed by young doctors after 2-3 years of training, and are not expected to be able to handle a whole range of emergency conditions in the community. The hospitals are visited periodically by Specialists from general hospitals, but acute emergencies do not just happen during their visits! Moreover the specialists may not themselves be able to deal fully with some of the emergencies in district hospitals, lacking equipment and facilities, as well as the necessary treatment teams.

Initially, Serian and Sarikei should set up Medical, general surgical, OBGY, Paediatrics Departments with resident specialists, and Kapit, Mukah, Marudi, and Limbang, just Medical and General Surgical Departments. Renal dialysis needs will have to be separately assessed at Divisional and some district hospitals, as the need is increasing steadily.

Further service needs at other district hospitals have yet to be assessed by us in terms of potential workload and respective economy of scale.

The posting of specialist doctors to Divisional Hospitals generally raises both clinical, nursing and ancillary service standards at these hospitals. Continuing medical education and on-job training of junior medical staff is enhanced.

Adoption of the above proposals would go a long way to address the inpatient care needs of Sarawak for the next 2 decades or more, this barring exceptional population increases arising from non-medical macro-policies.

Services would thus have been upgraded in terms of quality and depth, as well as scope, throughout the major regions of Sarawak, based on regional and local population needs. In so doing, the government of the day would be advancing an important principle in health care, that of more equitable distribution of health care resources, at both national and state levels.


( It is realized that there is need to provide for other residential/inpatient services or expanding their scope, including in psychological medicine, and rehabilitative and nursing homes, but these are large subjects, better dealt with at another time.)

Due next: Health Care of rural and remote communities in Sarawak.

Francis Ngu
24th September 2010, 03:54 PM
UNMET HEALTH CARE NEEDS, SARAWAK, 2010, PART 3.

BETTER HEALTH CARE FOR RURAL AND REMOTE COMMUNITIES

Dr. Francis H.H. Ngu, Kuching.

Health Services and Welfare Bureau,
Parti Keadilan Rakyat in Sarawak

24th SEPTEMBER , 2010

The health care needs of the rural and remote communities in Sarawak provide challenges which may not be adequately met for decades to come. However, much improvement will be possible if there are sustainable regional economic development plans, and general infrastructural development which goes along with such regional plans. Transportation infrastructure comprises bitumen roads, riverine transport and in many instances rural air transport infrastructure.

Rural communities living 5-10 Km of townships with Divisional and District Hospitals would have benefited much if such hospitals were to be upgraded as stated in Part 2 of this series.

Down the line, remote communities receive health care from larger Health Centres and smaller rural clinics integrating the functions of public health, primary care, maternal and child health and maternity delivery service. These cascades of rural care made up of some 160 plus clinics have made a large impact, especially in achieving commendable maternal and child health outcomes, and the all round control of communicable diseases. This is a matter of international pride for Malaysia. However, many deficiencies in rural health care remain to be addressed, especially the urban-rural gap.

In some extremely remote communities, the Flying Doctor Service has been in place since the early 70s, but this service has become increasingly erratic in recent times. Another strategy inspired by the WHO slogan “Health for all by the Year 2000,’’ has been the ingenious use of “bare-foot doctors”, the Rural Health Promoter.

Major deficiencies and problems faced include :



Remote communities which are days of walking distance from any static facility stated;
Poor road infrastructure, and general lack of public transport in rural Sarawak;
Rural communities which are so poor that patients may not have the funds to buy bus fares or tambangs for bus or river transport;
The logistical difficulty in supervising the quality of services at very remote locations and the low level of training of Rural Health promoters and a high drop out rate of the latter.





Pusat Kesihatan Daerah, or the District Health Centres,

The earlier examples are the Kanowit and Saratok District Health Centres. The Medical Officer of Health, assisted by 1-3 other doctors, look after the Public Health Programmes of the District as well as the Health Centre providing 20-30 beds.

An assessment of all the remote districts should be made for upgrading the smaller district clinics throughout Sarawak to a District Health Centre, such as at Lubok Antu District or Sebuyau/Lingga, based on current population in the district.

The Pusat Kesihatan Daerah may be the peak static facility in some rural districts for the foreseeable future, especially when population growth may be rather flat or negative from rural-urban migration. The challenge is to continually improve the services provided by junior doctors. Possibly, posts for family medicine specialists and rural medicine specialists could be created at these centres. Opportunities may also be created to allow these general specialists to sub-specialise or develop special interest in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paediatrics, Geriatrics and Trauma, thus upgrading the service and giving some inter-disciplinary interaction at districts.

What time –frames are realistic to achieve such idealized scenarios ?

The glut of doctors in Malaysia in 5-10 years time may itself make such a vision of rural health care in Sarawak possible well within a generation, if government and professional people are so focused in an agreed desired social goal of better rural health care.

Public –private cooperation in Rural Health Care

The proposed public-private cooperation model expected to be introduced nation-wide, should be extended to rural communities in Sarawak. Government will pay the GPs for patients of government clinics farmed out to GPs. To an extent, this may motivate a few more young GPs to go for private medical practice in a rural setting.

There are small Health Clinics throughout the state, some within driving distance from larger towns which have general practitioner clinics.

In the shorter to medium term, and before smaller clinics are upgraded to District Health Centres, can and should the government rural clinics, e.g. Padawan or Batang Ai, not be made available for use by GPs, either resident GPs or more likely traveling GPs visiting 2-3 times a week ? As it is, few GPs would in the foreseeable future want to set up practice in very remote places, but with the availability of government provided facilities and government support staff, a few more young GPs may hopefully venture out on a visiting basis, given other significant incentives to reward those with more altruistic orientations.

Though these arrangements may not become widespread in a short period of time, even 1 more rural community reached by a GP, is progress for a community of 1-2000 people at the least.

Rural Health Promoter : These are desperate measures in smaller very isolated and underprovided rural communities lacking any other health service . Their skills may be upgraded by 2 or 3 more tiers of training, and their motivation improved by vastly improved allowances paid. Perhaps more emphasis should be on training females in view of their mothering roles, and health modeling for other mothers.


MOBILE SERVICES

These include visits by doctors to smaller clinics by land, riverine service in a couple of places and most dramatically by the FDS. There is of course scope to develop all these components. The FDS will be briefly discussed here, as it is a matter attracting controversy now and again.

Reviewing the Flying Doctor Service

The FDS is a large subject on its own and merits further separate discussion.

It was meant to be a stop-gap measure till the development of good transport infrastructure, whence static service will replace the FDS. The service has not received a substantive review since inception; it is time to do so.

The FDS uses the Bell executive helicopter which carries 1 Medical Officer, 1 male Medical Assistant, 1 or 2 Rural Nurse (Jururawat Desa) trained in maternal and child care.

Remote locations are visited once every month or every 2 months; some 170 locations are served on paper.

There are 3 components to the service :



The Doctor treatment service. Its effectiveness is severely limited by the lack of ground facility of the most minimal standard, the multiple locations visited in a day, the time taken up in flying, the hundreds of “patients” turning up,--all factors limiting the usefulness of the doctor to the minimal.




The Maternal and Child Health Service. This is a most valuable service in terms of health outcomes, for mother, baby and child.





The MEDEVAC Service . This aerial ambulance service for emergencies which may be life-saving, has several limitations of its own.



The strengths and limitations of the FDS are obvious to the medical staff involved in the programme which is much in need of critical evaluation. The feedback from staff delivering frontline FDS service should be most earnestly recorded in any review.

A future separate article, will suggest possible scope for such a review, including the possibility of introducing better service using fixed wing aircrafts where suitable landing strips are available. If there is serious commitment in rural health care, a full time Flying Medical Services Corps, developing special expertise in rural medicine and dentistry should be considered.

Service terms for staff are crucial, including accident insurance coverage.

While consolidating and even vastly improving the FDS, the stronger emphasis must be steadily increasing the rural reach by land and riverine transport infrastructure, and establishing Static facilities where population numbers justify cost effectiveness.

PUBLIC HEALTH

This series of discussion paper has not quite adequately given emphasis on Public Health in contrast to medical treatment services. The vast improvement to health outcomes and life expectancy has come about by such simple measures as safe water supply, sanitation, school health, dental health, water iodisation, PAP smear screening and MCH programmes.

Climate change and massive environmental degradation in Sarawak have given rise to problems of food-security to remote communities, while new and existing infectious diseases now spread faster from urban to rural areas. Economically better off rural communities closer to cities and large towns are beginning to show lifestyle disease trends of urbanites. Road safety and safe driving measures should assume higher profile as the road network increases.

Vast avenues exist for initiatives on health promotion, and in inter-sectoral initiatives in promoting health. Healthy living programmes and better design of urban living and safe working are major prongs in both reducing the over-medicalisation of society as well as helping eventual health care cost containment.

The changing burden of diseases has to be anticipated in both town and rural health planning, both on the public health and treatment services side. Sarawak has the distinction of excellent public health infrastructure and is well poised to adapt to new challenges arising; a new wave of infectious disease epidemics should be brought under timely control. The experience and expertise of a small core of public health doctors should be fully harnessed in planning to meet ongoing and anticipated challenges.

MENTAL HEALTH, though recognized as a major burden of disease, it attracts little attention and is severely under-resourced. This again a vast subject deserving official exploration, as part of holistic health care. A vast frontier in health care in Sarawak awaits as unmet mental health care needs, getting all the more pressing in a modern urban setting.

In three parts, the health care needs of Sarawak has been outlined, though many gaps probably exist, as it it not based on a comprehensive and systematic survey and review. Even then, the task is enormous and most daunting.

There needs to be political will of a high order from any government of the day for meeting these unmet needs, and this is more likely to come from a government more oriented towards accountability, public welfare, social justice and genuine reform.

An extended Part 4 concluding the series, will put forward proposals for essential structural and administrative reforms for addressing the enormous health care agenda going forward, and providing the basis of modern health care for Sarawak people for the next 50 years at least.

Abnar
2nd January 2013, 03:13 PM
Hi Francis,
Very informative post on outline of unmet health care needs in sarawak and like to say we must workout regulalry and have a balanced nutritive diet to stay healthy and to lead active life. Regulalr physical activities burn our fat, boost metabolism and after losing weight prevent us from major health disease like cholesterl, high blood presure, anxiety, heart problems, certain types of cancer and diabetes.